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  Responding to Chemical Attacks

  Updated: January 2006

  • How serious a threat are chemical weapons?
  • How do chemical weapons work?
  • Do terrorists have chemical weapons?
  • What are the different sorts of chemical agents?
  • How might terrorists stage a major chemical attack?
  • Could a chemical spill kill large numbers of people?

  ---

  How serious a threat are chemical weapons?

  Chemical weapons are very dangerous, but they’re not easy to acquire or use. Synthesizing chemical warfare agents is often difficult, particularly in home laboratories. These super toxic chemicals are also extremely dangerous to handle and deliver in the large quantities needed to inflict mass casualties. Aum Shinrikyo, a Japanese doomsday cult, spent an estimated $30 million on chemical weapons research and had many scientists in its ranks, but it managed to kill only nineteen people with the nerve agent sarin—both because it encountered problems making sarin, experts say, and because it had difficulty using it as a mass-casualty weapon.

  How do chemical weapons work?

  To inflict harm, most chemical warfare agents must be inhaled, although some act through the skin or eyes. Various agents come in gas, liquid, aerosol-spray, or dry-powder form. An agent’s effect depends on the purity of the chemical, its concentration in the air, the wind and weather conditions at the time of its release, and the length of a victim’s exposure. Exposure in enclosed spaces is more dangerous than in the outdoors.

  Do terrorists have chemical weapons?

  Aum Shinrikyo is the only terrorist group known to have possessed and used sophisticated chemical agents, but U.S. intelligence agencies have long warned that terrorist groups such as Hamas are seeking such weapons. Evidence recovered in Afghanistan suggests that Osama bin Laden’s al-Qaeda terrorist network was conducting crude chemical warfare experiments. Information on how to make such weapons has been available in scientific literature for decades; it is now posted on the Internet, and experts say many of the raw materials are not hard to obtain. In addition, Iran, North Korea, Libya, Sudan, and Syria—all labeled state sponsors of terrorism by the U.S. government—are thought to have significant chemical warfare capabilities that they might pass along to terrorists.

  What are the different sorts of chemical agents?

  The deadliest types are:

  • Nerve agents such as sarin and VX, which disrupt the body’s nervous system;
  • Choking agents such as chlorine and phosgene, which attack the lungs; and
  • Blood agents such as cyanide, which carry tissue-killing poisons throughout the body.

  Depending on the level of exposure (one milligram or less is often enough), nerve agents such as sarin and VX can kill a victim in as little as ten to fifteen minutes. Blood agents also act rapidly, but choking agents can take several hours to kill.

  Blister-causing agents such as mustard gas attack the skin and eyes and can be fatal if inhaled in large quantities. The effects of mustard gas—pain and skin blistering—take one to six hours to appear. Other agents, such as the potent hallucinogen BZ, aim to incapacitate rather than kill.

  Beyond these military-grade substances, thousands of toxic industrial chemicals (such as chlorine, phosgene, and cyanide) and agricultural pesticides could cause mass casualties, depending on how they are prepared and dispersed. The Chemical Weapons Convention, a 1993 disarmament and nonproliferation treaty, names twenty-nine specific substances and fourteen broad families of chemicals—some widely used in commercial industry—that could be used as weapons.

  How might terrorists stage a major chemical attack?

  Several ways. Experts say terrorists could try to set off a homemade chemical device in a public area, release a gas such as chlorine into the air by bombing a chemical plant, or blow up a vehicle transporting hazardous materials, among other scenarios.

  Could a chemical spill kill large numbers of people?

  It could, depending on the amount of toxic chemical released, the atmospheric and weather conditions, and the spill’s proximity to a densely populated area. One notorious precedent is the 1984 release of methyl isocyanate gas from a Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal, India, that killed almost 4,000 people—the worst industrial accident ever. A U.S. Army study warns that a terrorist attack on a chemical plant which released deadly vapors over a city could result in as many as 2.4 million deaths and injuries.

   

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  New CFR Books

  

  In Termites in the Trading System, Jagdish Bhagwati reveals how the rapid spread of preferential trade agreements endangers the world trading system.

  

  America Between the Wars explores how the decisions and debates of the years between the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Twin Towers shaped the events, arguments, and politics of the world we live in today.

  

  In The Fall and Rise of the Islamic State, Noah Feldman tells the story behind the increasingly popular call for the establishment of the sharia—the law of the traditional Islamic state—in the modern Muslim world.

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  New Independent Task Force Reports

  Confronting Climate Change

  This report argues that the United States must lead with domestic action on climate change and proposes a U.S. negotiating strategy for a global UN climate agreement that includes commitments from all major economies, while also promoting a less formal Partnership for Climate Cooperation that would focus the world's largest emitters on implementing aggressive emissions reductions.

  U.S.-Latin America Relations: A New Direction for a New Reality

  This Task Force report examines changes in Latin America and in U.S. influence there, while taking account of the region's enduring importance to the United States. The Task Force offers an agenda for U.S. policy toward Latin America and identifies four critical areas that should provide the basis of a new U.S. approach.

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  Global FDI Policy

  After two decades of liberalization, many countries around the world are adopting new restrictions on foreign direct investment (FDI) that could retard continued progress. The authors make recommendations for correcting this protectionist drift by proposing guidelines for how countries can better regulate FDI yet still reap its economic benefits.

  Dealing with Damascus

  In this Council Special Report, the authors make a strong case that the Bush administration’s policy of diplomatic isolation of Syria is not serving U.S. interests, and offer informed history and thoughtful analysis of the country and its external behavior.

  Complete list of Council Special Reports.

  

  

  Robert Mugabe's 1987 Article

  • “Struggle for Southern Africa:” In a 1987 Foreign Affairs article, then Prime Minister Robert Mugabe urged international intervention to protect southern Africa.

  

  

  

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